International Olympic Committee and relative energy deficiency in sport
Having the necessary energy to participate in sports while also supporting a growing body is imperative to an athlete’s overall health. The female athlete triad, a result of not taking in enough calories to sustain rigorous training, can result in menstrual dysfunction and decreased bone mineral density. In recent years, clinicians have adopted a more inclusive term, relative energy deficiency in sport, or RED-S. In addition to menstrual dysfunction and bone health in females, RED-S includes additional health and performance consequences that can also affect male athletes.
With the goal of protecting athletes’ health, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) developed two RED-S models that include 10 health consequences and 10 performance consequences.
Menstrual cycle and bone health
Missed periods, also known as amenorrhea, have long been considered normal for female athletes. We have conducted numerous studies showing that missed periods are a sign that an athlete is not eating enough to fuel her body after intense training and can have long-term health consequences, weaken athletic performance, and increase the risk for stress fractures.
An innovative method of repairing a common knee injury
Girls are five times more likely than boys to tear an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), a ligament inside the knee that stabilizes the joint. Though the reasons for the increased risk are a matter of research and debate, the common theories include differences in girls’ anatomies, body mechanics and muscles.
Typically, a torn ACL requires reconstruction surgery. During an ACL reconstruction, an orthopedic surgeon removes the ends of the torn ACL and replaces them with a graft, usually from two of the patient's hamstring tendons. Although most patients are able to return to sports, the ACL re-tear rate can be as high as 20 percent for teens.
Orthopedic surgeon Martha Murray, MD, has developed a promising new technique called bridge-enhanced® ACL repair (BEAR®) that could replace traditional ACL surgery. Using stitches and a bridging scaffold (a sponge injected with the patient's blood), this technique stimulates healing of the torn ACL. This technique is currently being tested in clinical trials at Boston Children’s as well as several orthopedic centers around the country.
Psychological response to injury and its impact on recovery
A torn ACL can take an athlete out of their game for a season or longer. Surgery can repair torn ACL but even when their knees are strong and functional again, many athletes do not return to their sport. We looked at psychological factors like self-esteem and feelings of control to determine how both physical and emotional factors affect an athlete’s recovery.
