Mark Proctor, MD
Neurosurgeon-in-Chief; Director, Brain Injury Center; Co-Director, Complex Cervical Spine Program
Professor, Harvard Medical School
Image
Mark Proctor, MD
Neurosurgeon-in-Chief; Director, Brain Injury Center; Co-Director, Complex Cervical Spine Program
Professor, Harvard Medical School
Medical Services
Languages
English
Education
Undergraduate School
Dartmouth College
1986
Hanover
NH
Medical School
Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
1990
New York
NY
Internship
Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center
1991
New York
NY
Residency
Georgetown University Hospital
1997
Washington
DC
Fellowship
Boston Children's Hospital
1998
Boston
MA
Media
Caregiver Profile
Meet Dr. Mark Proctor
Expert Talk
Dr. Mark Proctor discusses what you need to know endoscopic strip craniectomy
Certifications
American Board of Neurological Surgery
American Board of Pediatric Neurological Surgery
Professional History
I specialize in the treatment of pediatric craniofacial abnormalities, spinal disorders, sports-related injuries and trauma to the brain and spine. As chief of Boston Children's Hospital's Department of Neurosurgery, I believe in fostering a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach, and delivering to patients the best possible experiences and outcomes.
My commitment to improving healthcare is reflected the depth and breadth of my education. After an undergraduate degree in French from Dartmouth College, I studied medicine at Columbia University, ultimately concluding my training as a fellow in pediatric neurosurgery at Boston Children's Hospital. I honed my skills as a manager and executive through Harvard Business School's Program for Leadership Development.
I am committed to improving the lives of patients with craniofacial abnormalities, spinal disorders and brain injury. I specialize in endoscopic, or minimally invasive, approaches to neurosurgery. I work closely with Sports Medicine to maintain an active practice in sports-related injuries. I advocate for brain injury awareness beyond Boston Children's Hospital, and am a member of the board of directors of ThinkFirst, the leading national brain and spinal cord injury prevention foundation.
In 2012, I was elected to lead the Physician’s Organization at Children’s Hospital, the umbrella group that directs contracting, billing, benefits and employment issues for over 1,000 doctors. I assumed the presidency in 2014, and have lead a great deal of change. I have been responsible for instituting a shared service center to centralize professional billing, a move that I hope will improve the experiences of families being treated at our hospital.
I have also created several new collaborations between subspecialties at Boston Children's Hospital to deliver care to patients whose needs were previously unmet. I worked with providers from the departments of Gastroenterology, Urology and General Surgery to address incontinence associated with spinal problems. I direct and helped to create the Brain Injury Center, a previously unavailable resource that harnesses the expertise of our Neurosurgery, Trauma Surgery, Neurology, Neurophysiology and Psychiatry departments. We have formed a center for complex pediatric cervical spine problems along with orthopedics, and our multidisciplinary Craniofacial Center remains one of the foremost in the nation.
One of the most extensive collaborative efforts I have participated in has been the development of the unique intra-operative MRI at Boston Children's Hospital, a project for which I facilitated partnership between the hospital administration, anesthesia, radiology, and engineering. This effort has resulted in great clinical success; I moderated a webcast highlighting the technology in a live brain surgery, which received a national “Webby” award.
Approach to Care
I am a team player, and I approach treating patients and building the Neurosurgery Department's capabilities from a collaborative, multidisciplinary perspective.
Publications
The impact of surgical and medical treatment on headaches in pediatric patients with Chiari malformation type I. View Abstract
Comparative analysis of surgical approaches in nonsyndromic multiple-suture synostosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. View Abstract
Morphology and outcomes in combined sagittal and unilateral coronal synostosis. View Abstract
Predictive Value of Neurosurgery Applicant Metrics on Resident Academic Productivity. View Abstract
Optic Nerve Edema in Pediatric Middle Cranial Fossa Arachnoid Cysts: Report of 51 Patients From a Single Institution. View Abstract
Hospital Variation and Resource Use for Infants with Craniosynostosis Undergoing Open, Endoscopic, and Distraction Osteogenesis Surgical Techniques. View Abstract
New ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes to Improve Craniosynostosis Classification. View Abstract
Mutation of key signaling regulators of cerebrovascular development in vein of Galen malformations. View Abstract
Correction: Technical evolution of pediatric neurosurgery: craniosynostosis from 1972 to 2023 and beyond. View Abstract
Syndrome of anterior neural stalk, vertebral abnormality, enteric duplication cyst, and diaphragmatic hernia related to persistent ventral neurenteric canal: report of two cases. View Abstract
Use of intraoperative bone scintigraphy for resection of spinal osteoid osteoma. View Abstract
Technical evolution of pediatric neurosurgery: craniosynostosis from 1972 to 2023 and beyond. View Abstract
Single-institution Series of Hirayama Disease in North America. View Abstract
Orbital and Eyelid Characteristics, Strabismus, and Intracranial Pressure Control in Apert Children Treated by Endoscopic Strip Craniectomy versus Fronto-Orbital Advancement. View Abstract
Genetic dysregulation of an endothelial Ras signaling network in vein of Galen malformations. View Abstract
Two-Surgeon Multidisciplinary Approach to Pediatric Cervical Spinal Fusion: A Single-Institution Series and Review of the Literature. View Abstract
Above-The-Hairline Suboccipital Transverse Approach for the Treatment of Chiari I Malformation. View Abstract
Correlation Between Postoperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Use and Surgical Site Infection in Children Undergoing Nonemergent Surgery. View Abstract
Images in Pediatric Neurosurgery: Occult Intraosseous Dermoid Cyst at the Nasofrontal Junction. View Abstract
Large Vertex Encephaloceles: Management and Outcomes. View Abstract
The New England Neurosurgical Society: growth and evolution over 70 years. View Abstract
Endoscopic strip craniectomy with orthotic helmeting for safe improvement of head growth in children with Apert syndrome. View Abstract
The low utility of routine cranial imaging after pediatric shunt revision. View Abstract
Operative Treatment of Cervical Spine Injuries Sustained in Youth Sports. View Abstract
Harlequin Syndrome, Apnea, and Acute on Chronic Hemiparesis: An Atypical Pediatric Case of Chiari I With Holocord Syringohydromyelia. View Abstract
Editorial. What is the "value" of surgery in the management of craniosynostosis? View Abstract
Association of venous thromboembolism following pediatric traumatic spinal injuries with injury severity and longer hospital stays. View Abstract
Spring-mediated cranioplasty versus endoscopic strip craniectomy for sagittal craniosynostosis. View Abstract
Evaluating Surgical Decision-making in Nonsyndromic Sagittal Craniosynostosis Using a Digital 3D Model. View Abstract
Development of best practices in the utilization and implementation of pediatric cervical spine traction: a modified Delphi study. View Abstract
Endoscopic surgical treatment of bilateral coronal craniosynostosis. View Abstract
Scoliosis with Chiari I malformation without associated syringomyelia. View Abstract
Age at Craniosynostosis Surgery and Its Impact on Ophthalmologic Diagnoses: A Single-Center Retrospective Review. View Abstract
Brain Characteristics Noted Prior to and Following Cranial Orthotic Treatment. View Abstract
Acute Implant-related Complications in Pediatric Cervical Spine Fusion. View Abstract
High-dose versus low-dose tranexamic acid for paediatric craniosynostosis surgery: a double-blind randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. View Abstract
Comparative analysis of cranial vault remodeling versus endoscopic suturectomy in the treatment of unilateral lambdoid craniosynostosis. View Abstract
Surgical volume of simple tethered spinal cord releases: review of a large pediatric neurosurgical service experience. View Abstract
Intraoperative Use of O-arm in Pediatric Cervical Spine Surgery. View Abstract
Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein for revision cervical spine fusion in children with Down syndrome: a case series. View Abstract
Chiari I malformations with syringomyelia: long-term results of neurosurgical decompression. View Abstract
Surgical Treatment of Developmental Spondylolisthesis: Contemporary Series With a Two-Surgeon Team. View Abstract
Surgical Fixation Using Screw-Rod Construct Instrumentation for Upper Cervical Instability in Pediatric Down Syndrome Patients. View Abstract
A review of the management of single-suture craniosynostosis, past, present, and future. View Abstract
Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Surgery for Infantile Craniosynostosis: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. View Abstract
Surgical Fixation Using Screw-Rod Construct Instrumentation for Upper Cervical Instability in Pediatric Down Syndrome Patients. View Abstract
Halo-Gravity Traction for the Treatment of Cervical Spine Disorders. View Abstract
Long-term outcomes of lumbar microdiscectomy in the pediatric population: a large single-institution case series. View Abstract
Perioperative acute neurological deficits in instrumented pediatric cervical spine fusions. View Abstract
Noninvasive Thermal Evaluation of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Patency and Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Using a Flow Enhancing Device. View Abstract
Multidisciplinary management of spinal aneurysmal bone cysts: A single-center experience. View Abstract
Nonsyndromic Unilateral Coronal Synostosis: A Comparison of Fronto-Orbital Advancement and Endoscopic Suturectomy. View Abstract
Evaluation of Endoscopic Strip Craniectomy and Orthotic Therapy for Bilateral Coronal Craniosynostosis. View Abstract
Surgical Treatment of Developmental Spondylolisthesis: Contemporary Series With a Two-Surgeon Team. View Abstract
Postoperative Changes in Orbital Dysmorphology in Patients With Unicoronal Synostosis. View Abstract
Craniometric Analysis of Endoscopic Suturectomy for Bilateral Coronal Craniosynostosis. View Abstract
Headache, Chiari I malformation and foramen magnum decompression. View Abstract
Pediatric Neurocritical Care: Evolution of a New Clinical Service in PICUs Across the United States. View Abstract
Development of best practices to minimize wound complications after complex tethered spinal cord surgery: a modified Delphi study. View Abstract
Single-stage Total Cranial Vault Remodeling for Correction of Turricephaly: Description of a New Technique. View Abstract
Analysis of clinical outcomes for treatment of sagittal craniosynostosis: a comparison of endoscopic suturectomy and cranial vault remodeling. View Abstract
Modification of the Melbourne Method for Total Calvarial Vault Remodeling. View Abstract
C2 Translaminar Screw Fixation in Children. View Abstract
Identifying Factors Predictive of Atlantoaxial Fusion Failure in Pediatric Patients: Lessons Learned From a Retrospective Pediatric Craniocervical Society Study. View Abstract
Multi-modal 3D Simulation Makes the Impossible Possible. View Abstract
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. View Abstract
The Temporal Region in Unilateral Coronal Craniosynostosis: Fronto-orbital Advancement Versus Endoscopy-Assisted Strip Craniectomy. View Abstract
Neurenteric cyst at the dorsal craniocervical junction in a child: Case report. View Abstract
Comprehensive Review of the ThinkFirst Injury Prevention Programs: A 30-Year Success Story for Organized Neurosurgery. View Abstract
Efficacy of Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring for Pediatric Cervical Spine Surgery. View Abstract
Same Care, Different Populations. View Abstract
Combined preoperative traction with instrumented posterior occipitocervical fusion for severe ventral brainstem compression secondary to displaced os odontoideum: technical report of 2 cases. View Abstract
Multivariable predictors of substantial blood loss in children undergoing craniosynostosis repair: implications for risk stratification. View Abstract
Central Versus Extraventricular Neurocytoma in Children: A Clinicopathologic Comparison and Review of the Literature. View Abstract
Outcomes of endoscopic suturectomy with postoperative helmet therapy in bilateral coronal craniosynostosis. View Abstract
A QI Initiative to Reduce Hospitalization for Children With Isolated Skull Fractures. View Abstract
Update on current evaluation and management of pediatric nasal dermoid. View Abstract
Delayed diagnosis of anaphylaxis secondary to ondansetron: A case report. View Abstract
Epidural Steroid Injections for Radiculopathy and/or Back Pain in Children and Adolescents: A Retrospective Cohort Study With a Prospective Follow-Up. View Abstract
Treatment Type Is Associated with Population Hand Preferences in Patients with Unilateral Coronal Synostosis: Implications for Functional Cerebral Lateralization. View Abstract
Outcomes of pediatric patients with persistent midline cervical spine tenderness and negative imaging result after trauma. View Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and sagittal craniosynostosis: three patients requiring operative cranial expansion: case series and literature review. View Abstract
Chiari malformation Type 1 and atlantoaxial instability: a letter from the Pediatric Craniocervical Society. View Abstract
Episodic ventriculomegaly due to hypernatremia mimicking shunt malfunction: case report. View Abstract
Quality Improvement Effort to Reduce Cranial CTs for Children With Minor Blunt Head Trauma. View Abstract
Trends in Ambulatory Care for Children with Concussion and Minor Head Injury from Eastern Massachusetts between 2007 and 2013. View Abstract
Neonatal C1 TO C2 osteomyelitis leading to instability and neurological decline: novel treatment with occiput-C1-C2 fusion and occiput to thorax growing rods. A case report. View Abstract
Predictors of clinically significant postoperative events after open craniosynostosis surgery. View Abstract
The Effects of Whole-Vault Cranioplasty versus Strip Craniectomy on Long-Term Neuropsychological Outcomes in Sagittal Craniosynostosis. View Abstract
Risk of athletes with Chiari malformations suffering catastrophic injuries during sports participation is low. View Abstract
Progressive Postnatal Pansynostosis. View Abstract
Emergent Treatment of Athletes With Brain Injury. View Abstract
Emergent treatment of athletes with brain injury. View Abstract
183 Intracranial arachnoid cysts and hemorrhage. View Abstract
Craniectomy gap patency and neosuture formation following endoscopic suturectomy for unilateral coronal craniosynostosis. View Abstract
Endoscopic craniosynostosis repair. View Abstract
Combined metopic and unilateral coronal synostoses: a phenotypic conundrum. View Abstract
Kinematic dynamo action in square and hexagonal patterns. View Abstract
Response to Losurdo et al. View Abstract
Growth rate degeneracies in kinematic dynamos. View Abstract
Resection of supratentorial lobar cavernous malformations in children: clinical article.. View Abstract
Ruptured temporal lobe arachnoid cyst presenting with severe back pain. View Abstract
Early frontofacial symmetry after correction of unilateral coronal synostosis: frontoorbital advancement vs endoscopic strip craniectomy and helmet therapy. View Abstract
Improving ophthalmic outcomes in children with unilateral coronal synostosis by treatment with endoscopic strip craniectomy and helmet therapy rather than fronto-orbital advancement. View Abstract
Intrasacral meningocele in the pediatric population. View Abstract
MRI findings and sleep apnea in children with Chiari I malformation. View Abstract
Calvarial defects and skeletal dysplasia in patients with neurofibromatosis Type 1. View Abstract
Epidemiology, trends, assessment and management of sport-related concussion in United States high schools. View Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury and radiation risks: a clinical decision analysis. View Abstract
Helmets and synostosis. View Abstract
Extradural myelomeningocele reconstruction using local turnover fascial flaps and midline linear skin closure. View Abstract
Spinal cord abnormalities in sports. View Abstract
Parameters of care for craniosynostosis: craniofacial and neurologic surgery perspectives. View Abstract
Surgical treatment for primary spinal aneurysmal bone cysts: experience from Children's Hospital Boston. View Abstract
Cost of treating sagittal synostosis in the first year of life. View Abstract
Endoscopic cranial suture release for the treatment of craniosynostosis--is it the future? View Abstract
Features of the lumbar spine on magnetic resonance images following sectioning of filum terminale. View Abstract
Chiari malformation. View Abstract
Parameters of care for craniosynostosis. View Abstract
Endoscope-assisted strip craniectomy and postoperative helmet therapy for treatment of craniosynostosis. View Abstract
The management of sagittal synostosis using endoscopic suturectomy and postoperative helmet therapy. View Abstract
Endoscopically assisted correction of sagittal craniosynostosis. View Abstract
Efficacy of tranexamic acid in pediatric craniosynostosis surgery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. View Abstract
Exchange cranioplasty using autologous calvarial particulate bone graft effectively repairs large cranial defects. View Abstract
Delayed development of os odontoideum after traumatic cervical injury: support for a vascular etiology. View Abstract
Presentation and progression of a disc cyst in a pediatric patient. View Abstract
Idiopathic syrinx in the pediatric population: a combined center experience. View Abstract
The pediatric athlete: younger athletes with sport-related concussion. View Abstract
Evaluation of the ShuntCheck noninvasive thermal technique for shunt flow detection in hydrocephalic patients. View Abstract
Endoscopic strip craniectomy in early infancy: the initial five years of anesthesia experience. View Abstract
Repair of a large congenital frontal bone defect with autologous exchange cranioplasty. View Abstract
Cranial expansion in an infant with malignant osteopetrosis. View Abstract
Equivalence of fusion rates after rigid internal fixation of the occiput to C-2 with or without C-1 instrumentation. View Abstract
Lateral mass screw fixation in children. View Abstract
Perioperative corticosteroid reduces hospital stay after fronto-orbital advancement. View Abstract
Autologous cranial particulate bone grafting reduces the frequency of osseous defects after cranial expansion. View Abstract
Single stage reduction and stabilization of basilar invagination after failed prior fusion surgery in children with Down's syndrome. View Abstract
Lumbar microdiscectomy in pediatric patients: a large single-institution series. View Abstract
Osteoid osteomas: intraoperative bone scan-assisted resection. Clinical article. View Abstract
Urological outcome following multiple repeat spinal cord untethering operations. Clinical article. View Abstract
Ovarian Teratoma Masquerading as a CSF Pseudocyst in a Female with a Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt. View Abstract
Case report: a case of persistent back pain and constipation in a 5-year-old boy. View Abstract
Diagnosis and management of deformational plagiocephaly. View Abstract
Intracranial vasospasm with subsequent stroke after traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in a 22-month-old child. View Abstract
Treatment of unilateral coronal synostosis by endoscopic strip craniectomy or fronto-orbital advancement: Ophthalmologic findings. View Abstract
Three rod technique facilitates hemivertebra wedge excision in young children through a posterior only approach. View Abstract
Screw fixation to C2 in children: a case series and technical report. View Abstract
Phenotypically unusual combined craniosynostoses: presentation and management. View Abstract
Pediatric cranioplasty using particulate calvarial bone graft. View Abstract
The Clostridium cellulolyticum dockerin displays a dual binding mode for its cohesin partner. View Abstract
Modern cervical spine instrumentation in children. View Abstract
Lumbar epidural hematoma associated with spondylolyses. View Abstract
Primary grafting with autologous cranial particulate bone prevents osseous defects following fronto-orbital advancement. View Abstract
Pediatric disk disease. View Abstract
Astigmatism in unilateral coronal synostosis: incidence and laterality. View Abstract
Self-sustaining nonlinear dynamo process in Keplerian shear flows. View Abstract
Outcome following multiple repeated spinal cord untethering operations. View Abstract
Calvarial defects associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Report of two cases. View Abstract
Genetic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and smoking cessation: follow-up of a randomised clinical trial of transdermal nicotine patch. View Abstract
The crystal structure of two macrolide glycosyltransferases provides a blueprint for host cell antibiotic immunity. View Abstract
Moyamoya following cranial irradiation for primary brain tumors in children. View Abstract
Extracranial metastases of glioblastoma in a child: case report and review of the literature. View Abstract
Evidence for a dual binding mode of dockerin modules to cohesins. View Abstract
Insights into the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide and antibiotics through the structures of two retaining glycosyltransferases from family GT4. View Abstract
Lumbar spine injuries in athletes. View Abstract
Occipitocondylar hyperplasia: an unusual craniovertebral junction anomaly causing myelopathy. Case report. View Abstract
910 Outcome after Multiple Repeat Spinal Cord Untethering Operations. View Abstract
Probing the breadth of macrolide glycosyltransferases: in vitro remodeling of a polyketide antibiotic creates active bacterial uptake and enhances potency. View Abstract
Frontonasal osteotomy to facilitate removal of an intracranial nasal dermoid. View Abstract
Continuous remission of newly diagnosed and relapsed central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. View Abstract
Tailored catalysts for plant cell-wall degradation: redesigning the exo/endo preference of Cellvibrio japonicus arabinanase 43A. View Abstract
Redefining the magnetic resonance imaging reference level for the cerebellar tonsil: a study of 170 adolescents with normal versus idiopathic scoliosis. View Abstract
Bradykinin causes hypotension by activating pulmonary sympathetic afferents in the rabbit. View Abstract
The presentation and management of nasal dermoid: a 30-year experience. View Abstract
Spinal cord injury. View Abstract
Unilateral fusion of the frontosphenoidal suture: a rare cause of synostotic frontal plagiocephaly. View Abstract
Levels of soluble adhesion molecules are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with moyamoya syndrome. View Abstract
A peptide that binds and stabilizes p53 core domain: chaperone strategy for rescue of oncogenic mutants. View Abstract
The UBX domain: a widespread ubiquitin-like module. View Abstract
Long-term outcome for patients with split cord malformation. View Abstract
Letter to the editor: 1H, 13C and 15N NMR assignments of the C-type lectin TC14. View Abstract
Head and neck injuries in young athletes. View Abstract
Prominent basal emissary foramina in syndromic craniosynostosis: correlation with phenotypic and molecular diagnoses. View Abstract
Biophysical characterization of elongin C from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. View Abstract
Antibiotic susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Wisconsin, 1999. View Abstract
833 The Use of Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors. View Abstract
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of a SAM domain at the C-terminus of human p73alpha. View Abstract
RNA recognition by a Staufen double-stranded RNA-binding domain. View Abstract
The effect of surgery for split spinal cord malformation on neurologic and urologic function. View Abstract
Pulmonary edema develops after recurrent obstructive apneas. View Abstract
The structure of a tunicate C-type lectin from Polyandrocarpa misakiensis complexed with D -galactose. View Abstract
Hot-spot mutants of p53 core domain evince characteristic local structural changes. View Abstract
Spontaneous thrombosis of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation. View Abstract
Structural changes in the transition state of protein folding: alternative interpretations of curved chevron plots. View Abstract
Engineerable femtosecond pulse shaping by second-harmonic generation with Fourier synthetic quasi-phase-matching gratings. View Abstract
BAP1: a novel ubiquitin hydrolase which binds to the BRCA1 RING finger and enhances BRCA1-mediated cell growth suppression. View Abstract
Thermodynamic stability of wild-type and mutant p53 core domain. View Abstract
The role of nitric oxide in focally-evoked limbic seizures. View Abstract
The solution structure of the S1 RNA binding domain: a member of an ancient nucleic acid-binding fold. View Abstract
Structure and stability of an immunoglobulin superfamily domain from twitchin, a muscle protein of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. View Abstract
Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of a water-soluble etoposide prodrug, etoposide phosphate (BMY-40481). View Abstract
Post-intensive care interviews: implications for future practice. View Abstract
NMR solution structure of a dsRNA binding domain from Drosophila staufen protein reveals homology to the N-terminal domain of ribosomal protein S5. View Abstract
Assignment of the backbone 1H,15N,13C NMR resonances and secondary structure of a double-stranded RNA binding domain from the Drosophila protein staufen. View Abstract
The use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to deliver four cycles of ifosfamide and epirubicin every 14 days in women with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. View Abstract
Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and clinical effect of ifosfamide in breast cancer patients. View Abstract
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prolonged oral etoposide in women with metastatic breast cancer. View Abstract
Carboplatin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as first-line treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer: a phase I dose-intensity escalation study. View Abstract
Long-term oral etoposide in metastatic breast cancer: clinical and pharmacokinetic results. View Abstract
A phase II trial of goserelin (Zoladex) in relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer. View Abstract
Semipermeable polymer tubes provide a microenvironment for in vivo analysis of dorsal root regeneration. View Abstract
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