Congenital Limb Differences

Babies with congenital limb differences are born with arms, legs, fingers, or toes that are missing, not fully formed, or formed differently.

Some congenital limb differences are related to conditions that affect a specific limb or part of a limb. For instance, radioulnar synostosis affects the forearm while fibula hemimelia affects the lower leg. Other limb differences are related to conditions that may affect many different parts of the body, such as skeletal dysplasia.

Some congenital limb differences tend to occur with one or more other conditions. For instance, some patients with cleft hands also have cleft lip, foot abnormalities, deafness, or congenital conditions that affect the heart and digestive systems.

Congenital limb differences (general)

• Achondroplasia
• Arthrogryposis
• Leg- and arm- length discrepancy
• Skeletal dysplasia

Congenital differences of the arm and hand

• Cleft hand
• Clinodactyly
• Macrodactyly
• Madelung's deformity
• Polydactyly
• Radial longitudinal deficiency
• Radioulnar synostosis
• Symbrachydactyly
• Syndactyly
• Ulnar longitudinal deficiency

Congenital differences of the leg and foot

• Cleft foot
• Clubfoot
• Congenital short femur/proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD)
• Femoral anteversion
• Fibular hemimelia
• Metatarsus adductus
• Tarsal coalition
• Tibia hemimelia
• Tibial torsion

Some congenital limb differences are more common than others. One out of every 1,000 babies is born with extra fingers or toes for instance. By comparison, amniotic band syndrome occurs in one out of every 10,000 to 15,000 births.

The most common symptoms of congenital limb differences include:

• Complete or partial absence of a limb (such as fibula hemimelia or a partial or completely missing bone)
• Overgrowth (one limb is much larger than the other limb)
• Undergrowth (one limb is much smaller than the other limb)
• A portion of the limb is fused or webbed (commonly seen in fingers or toes)
• Duplication (commonly seen as extra fingers or toes)

While we still don't know what causes most congenital limb differences, certain factors can increase a baby’s risk. These include:

• Exposure of the mother to chemicals or viruses during pregnancy
• Certain medications taken during pregnancy

Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy may increase a baby’s risk of being born with a limb difference, but more research is needed to confirm that the two are linked.

Most congenital limb differences occur with no known cause. Certain conditions, such as extra fingers or toes, may be a passed down through families.

Some congenital limb differences are first detected during a prenatal ultrasound, before the baby is born. For instance, 80 percent of clubfeet can be diagnosed through ultrasound by 24 weeks. This gives expecting parents a chance to learn about treatment options and plan ahead before their child is born.

If a limb difference is not diagnosed before birth, it can also be seen and diagnosed as soon as a child is born. The doctor will conduct a physical exam. In rare cases, a doctor may order an X-ray or MRI to confirm the diagnosis. These tests may also help them look for signs of an underlying bone issue.

The primary goal of treatment is to ensure the child will have as much use of their limb as possible so they have the opportunity grow up to be independent and self-confident.

Depending on the limb difference and how it affects the child, treatment may include:

• Physical therapy and occupational therapy to increase strength and function
• Splint or brace to support the affected limb
• Surgery, such as reconstructive or limb-lengthening surgery, to correct the limb difference
• An artificial limb (prosthetic)

The Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Department’s Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Program, Lower Extremity Program, and Hand and Orthopedic Upper Extremity Program and our Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery’s Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Program have treated thousands of babies and children with congenital limb differences. We treat a broad range of conditions, from routine to highly complex limb differences, and can provide your child expert diagnosis, treatment, and care. We also offer the benefits of some of the most advanced clinical and scientific research in the world.

Our Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Department is nationally known as the preeminent center for the care of children and young adults with a wide range of developmental, congenital, neuromuscular, sports-related, traumatic, and post-traumatic problems of the musculoskeletal system.

Our Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery is one of the largest and most experienced pediatric plastic and oral surgery centers anywhere in the world. We provide comprehensive care and treatment for a wide variety of congenital and acquired conditions, including hand deformities.